Main Article Content
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: School nurse is present today in many countries around the world. Its contribution within schools is described in the literature especially with regard to the management of chronic diseases and health education interventions. The Sars-CoV2 pandemic has forced many states to close schools, involving major psycho-social problems. The reopening of schools is a great challenge, in this regard this work has the goal of evaluating the literature that identifies the figure of the school nurse as a strength in containing the spread of contagious diseases and the actions that can be effective for this purpose.
METHODS: An integrative literature review was conducted by interrogating the main international medical-nursing databases, all research articles were included, editorials and letters were excluded. Results were screened independently by two investigators.
RESULTS: 10 articles were included, the main purpose of which was to describe outbreak cases and strategies for their management. The major nursing interventions highlighted are surveillance, case reporting, education, management of relationships with families, collaboration with other professionals.
DISCUSSION: Although the identified literature was quantitatively poor, it is clear that the school nurse is central to syndromic surveillance, educational role, decision making, clinical management, collaboration with the team of experts and management of communication.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Agolory, S. G., Barbot, O., Averhoff, F., Weiss, D., Wilson, E., Egger, J., . . . Kahn, E. (2013). Implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions by New York City public schools to prevent 2009 influenza A. PLoS One, 8(1), e50916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050916
- Anastassopoulou, C., Spanakis, N., & Tsakris, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the ambiguous role of children and considerations for the reopening of schools in the fall. Future Microbiol. doi:10.2217/fmb-2020-0195
- Baker, C. J. (2011). Help make your school a flu-free zone. NASN School Nurse, 26(6), 364-367. doi:10.1177/1942 602X11421348
- (CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. (2006). Varicella outbreak among vaccinated children--Nebraska, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 55(27), 749-752.
- (CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. (2008). Norovirus outbreak in an elementary school--District of Columbia, February 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 56(51-52), 1340-1343.
- Chau, N. V. V., Thanh Lam, V., Thanh Dung, N., Yen, L. M., Minh, N. N. Q., Hung, L. M., . . . group, O. C.-r. (2020). The natural history and transmission potential of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa711
- Faherty, L. J., Schwartz, H. L., Ahmed, F., Zheteyeva, Y., Uzicanin, A., & Uscher-Pines, L. (2019). School and preparedness officials' perspectives on social distancing practices to reduce influenza transmission during a pandemic: Considerations to guide future work. Prev Med Rep, 14, 100871. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100871
- Fantini, M. P., Reno, C., Biserni, G. B., Savoia, E., & Lanari, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the re-opening of schools: a policy maker's dilemma. Ital J Pediatr, 46(1), 79. doi:10.1186/s13052-020-00844-1
- Flaherty, E. A. (2020). School Nursing and Public Health: The Case for School Nurse Investigators and Contact Tracing Monitors of COVID-19 Patients in Massachusetts. NASN School Nurse, 1942602X20950670. doi:10.1177/194 2602X20950670
- Fritz, S. A., Long, M., Gaebelein, C. J., Martin, M. S., Hogan, P. G., & Yetter, J. (2012). Practices and procedures to prevent the transmission of skin and soft tissue infections in high school athletes. J Sch Nurs, 28(5), 389-396. doi:10.1177/1059840512442899
- Galemore, C. A. (2016). Too Busy for TB: Managing a Case of Tuberculosis Disease in the School Setting. NASN Sch Nurse, 31(2), 83-89. doi:10.1177/1942602X16628194
- Gomez, E. B. (2008). Lessons learned from an elementary school norovirus outbreak. J Sch Nurs, 24(6), 388-397. doi:10.1177/1059840508324069
- Guarinoni, M.G., & Dignani, L. (in press)Effectiveness of the school nurse role in increasing the vaccination coverage rate: a narrative review
- Guinan, M., McGuckin, M., & Ali, Y. (2002). The effect of a comprehensive handwashing program on absenteeism in elementary schools. Am J Infect Control, 30(4), 217-220. doi:10.1067/mic.2002.120366
- H1N1 and the role of the Rhode Island certified school nurse-teachers. (2011). NASN Sch Nurse, 26(1), 22-23. doi:10.1177/1942602X10390371
- Harding, L., Davison-Fischer, J., Bekaert, S., & Appleton, J. V. (2019). The role of the school nurse in protecting children and young people from maltreatment: An integrative review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud, 92, 60-72. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.12.017
- Isik, E., & Isik, I. S. (2019). Asthma care coordination in schools by school nurses: An integrative literature review. Public Health Nurs, 36(4), 498-506. doi:10.1111/phn.12610
- Levin, D. (2020). Nurses Are on the Virus Front Lines. But Many Schools Don’t Have One. The New York Times Aug. 20, 2020 Disponibile in: [11 settembre 2020]
- Loconsole, D., Caselli, D., Centrone, F., Morcavallo, C., Campanella, S., Aricò, M., & Chironna, M. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children in Southern Italy: A Descriptive Case Series. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(17). doi:10.3390/ijerph17176080
- Lopez, A. S., LaClair, B., Buttery, V., Zhang, Y., Rosen, J., Taggert, E., . . . Marin, M. (2019). Varicella Outbreak Surveillance in Schools in Sentinel Jurisdictions, 2012-2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 8(2), 122-127. doi:10.1093/jpids/piy010
- Magalnick, H., Mazyck, D., & Health, A. A. o. P. C. o. S. (2008). Role of the school nurse in providing school health services. Pediatrics, 121(5), 1052-1056. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0382
- McDonald, C. C. (2020). Reopening Schools in the Time of Pandemic: Look to the School Nurses. J Sch Nurs, 36(4), 239-240. doi:10.1177/1059840520937853
- McNickle, L., & Olympia, R. P. (2020). School Nurses on the Front Lines of Healthcare: Infectious Diseases Popularized in the News. NASN Sch Nurse, 35(4), 212-216. doi:10.1177/1942602X20921426
- Nandrup-Bus, I. (2009). Mandatory handwashing in elementary schools reduces absenteeism due to infectious illness among pupils: a pilot intervention study. Am J Infect Control, 37(10), 820-826. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2009.06.012
- Nasrullah, M., Breiding, M. J., Smith, W., McCullum, I., Soetebier, K., Liang, J. L., . . . Averhoff, F. (2012). Response to 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 among public schools of Georgia, United States--fall 2009. Int J Infect Dis, 16(5), e382-390. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.010
- National Association of School Nurses. Definition of School Nursing. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of School Nurses; 1999. Available at: www.nasn.org/Default.aspx?tabi 57. Accessed August 16, 2020
- Patestos, C., Patterson, K., & Fitzsimons, V. (2014). Substance abuse prevention: the role of the school nurse across the continuum of care. NASN Sch Nurse, 29(6), 310-314. doi:10.1177/1942602x14542655
- Pbert, L., Druker, S., DiFranza, J. R., Gorak, D., Reed, G., Magner, R., . . . Osganian, S. (2011). Effectiveness of a school nurse-delivered smoking-cessation intervention for adolescents. Pediatrics, 128(5), 926-936. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0520
- Pourabbasi, A., Shirvani, M. E., & Khashayar, P. (2012). Sickness absenteeism rate in Iranian schools during the 2009 epidemic of type a influenza. J Sch Nurs, 28(1), 64-69. doi:10.1177/1059840511420262
- Ramos, M. M., Schrader, R., Trujillo, R., Blea, M., & Greenberg, C. (2011). School nurse inspections improve handwashing supplies. J Sch Health, 81(6), 355-358. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00602.x
- Rosen, B. L., DiClemente, R., Shepard, A. L., Wilson, K. L., & Fehr, S. K. (2017). Factors associated with school nurses' HPV vaccine attitudes for school-aged youth. Psychol Health Med, 22(5), 535-545. doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1173710
- Schoessler, S. Z. (2004). Treating and managing head lice: the school nurse perspective. Am J Manag Care, 10(9 Suppl), S273-276.
- Sheetz, A. H. (2010). The H1N1 pandemic: Did school nurses assume a leadership role? Some thoughts on leadership. NASN Sch Nurse, 25(3), 108-109. doi:10.1177/1942602 X10363733
- Stefanowicz, A., & Stefanowicz, J. (2018). The Role of a School Nurse in the Care of a Child with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - The Perspectives of Patients and their Parents: Literature Review. Zdr Varst, 57(3), 166-174. doi:10.2478/sjph-2018-0021
- Tucker, S., & Lanningham-Foster, L. M. (2015). Nurse-Led School-Based Child Obesity Prevention. J Sch Nurs, 31(6), 450-466. doi:10.1177/1059840515574002
- Weng, T. C., Chan, T. C., Lin, H. T., Chang, C. K., Wang, W. W., Li, Z. R., . . . King, C. C. (2015). Early detection for cases of enterovirus- and influenza-like illness through a newly established school-based syndromic surveillance system in Taipei, January 2010 ~ August 2011. PLoS One, 10(4), e0122865. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122865
- Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs, 52(5), 546-553. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
- Wilson, E. L., Egger, J. R., Konty, K. J., Paladini, M., Weiss, D., & Nguyen, T. Q. (2014). Description of a school nurse visit syndromic surveillance system and comparison to emergency department visits, New York City. Am J Public Health, 104(1), e50-56. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301411
References
Agolory, S. G., Barbot, O., Averhoff, F., Weiss, D., Wilson, E., Egger, J., . . . Kahn, E. (2013). Implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions by New York City public schools to prevent 2009 influenza A. PLoS One, 8(1), e50916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050916
Anastassopoulou, C., Spanakis, N., & Tsakris, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the ambiguous role of children and considerations for the reopening of schools in the fall. Future Microbiol. doi:10.2217/fmb-2020-0195
Baker, C. J. (2011). Help make your school a flu-free zone. NASN School Nurse, 26(6), 364-367. doi:10.1177/1942 602X11421348
(CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. (2006). Varicella outbreak among vaccinated children--Nebraska, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 55(27), 749-752.
(CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. (2008). Norovirus outbreak in an elementary school--District of Columbia, February 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 56(51-52), 1340-1343.
Chau, N. V. V., Thanh Lam, V., Thanh Dung, N., Yen, L. M., Minh, N. N. Q., Hung, L. M., . . . group, O. C.-r. (2020). The natural history and transmission potential of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa711
Faherty, L. J., Schwartz, H. L., Ahmed, F., Zheteyeva, Y., Uzicanin, A., & Uscher-Pines, L. (2019). School and preparedness officials' perspectives on social distancing practices to reduce influenza transmission during a pandemic: Considerations to guide future work. Prev Med Rep, 14, 100871. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100871
Fantini, M. P., Reno, C., Biserni, G. B., Savoia, E., & Lanari, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the re-opening of schools: a policy maker's dilemma. Ital J Pediatr, 46(1), 79. doi:10.1186/s13052-020-00844-1
Flaherty, E. A. (2020). School Nursing and Public Health: The Case for School Nurse Investigators and Contact Tracing Monitors of COVID-19 Patients in Massachusetts. NASN School Nurse, 1942602X20950670. doi:10.1177/194 2602X20950670
Fritz, S. A., Long, M., Gaebelein, C. J., Martin, M. S., Hogan, P. G., & Yetter, J. (2012). Practices and procedures to prevent the transmission of skin and soft tissue infections in high school athletes. J Sch Nurs, 28(5), 389-396. doi:10.1177/1059840512442899
Galemore, C. A. (2016). Too Busy for TB: Managing a Case of Tuberculosis Disease in the School Setting. NASN Sch Nurse, 31(2), 83-89. doi:10.1177/1942602X16628194
Gomez, E. B. (2008). Lessons learned from an elementary school norovirus outbreak. J Sch Nurs, 24(6), 388-397. doi:10.1177/1059840508324069
Guarinoni, M.G., & Dignani, L. (in press)Effectiveness of the school nurse role in increasing the vaccination coverage rate: a narrative review
Guinan, M., McGuckin, M., & Ali, Y. (2002). The effect of a comprehensive handwashing program on absenteeism in elementary schools. Am J Infect Control, 30(4), 217-220. doi:10.1067/mic.2002.120366
H1N1 and the role of the Rhode Island certified school nurse-teachers. (2011). NASN Sch Nurse, 26(1), 22-23. doi:10.1177/1942602X10390371
Harding, L., Davison-Fischer, J., Bekaert, S., & Appleton, J. V. (2019). The role of the school nurse in protecting children and young people from maltreatment: An integrative review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud, 92, 60-72. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.12.017
Isik, E., & Isik, I. S. (2019). Asthma care coordination in schools by school nurses: An integrative literature review. Public Health Nurs, 36(4), 498-506. doi:10.1111/phn.12610
Levin, D. (2020). Nurses Are on the Virus Front Lines. But Many Schools Don’t Have One. The New York Times Aug. 20, 2020 Disponibile in: [11 settembre 2020]
Loconsole, D., Caselli, D., Centrone, F., Morcavallo, C., Campanella, S., Aricò, M., & Chironna, M. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children in Southern Italy: A Descriptive Case Series. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(17). doi:10.3390/ijerph17176080
Lopez, A. S., LaClair, B., Buttery, V., Zhang, Y., Rosen, J., Taggert, E., . . . Marin, M. (2019). Varicella Outbreak Surveillance in Schools in Sentinel Jurisdictions, 2012-2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 8(2), 122-127. doi:10.1093/jpids/piy010
Magalnick, H., Mazyck, D., & Health, A. A. o. P. C. o. S. (2008). Role of the school nurse in providing school health services. Pediatrics, 121(5), 1052-1056. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0382
McDonald, C. C. (2020). Reopening Schools in the Time of Pandemic: Look to the School Nurses. J Sch Nurs, 36(4), 239-240. doi:10.1177/1059840520937853
McNickle, L., & Olympia, R. P. (2020). School Nurses on the Front Lines of Healthcare: Infectious Diseases Popularized in the News. NASN Sch Nurse, 35(4), 212-216. doi:10.1177/1942602X20921426
Nandrup-Bus, I. (2009). Mandatory handwashing in elementary schools reduces absenteeism due to infectious illness among pupils: a pilot intervention study. Am J Infect Control, 37(10), 820-826. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2009.06.012
Nasrullah, M., Breiding, M. J., Smith, W., McCullum, I., Soetebier, K., Liang, J. L., . . . Averhoff, F. (2012). Response to 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 among public schools of Georgia, United States--fall 2009. Int J Infect Dis, 16(5), e382-390. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.010
National Association of School Nurses. Definition of School Nursing. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of School Nurses; 1999. Available at: www.nasn.org/Default.aspx?tabi 57. Accessed August 16, 2020
Patestos, C., Patterson, K., & Fitzsimons, V. (2014). Substance abuse prevention: the role of the school nurse across the continuum of care. NASN Sch Nurse, 29(6), 310-314. doi:10.1177/1942602x14542655
Pbert, L., Druker, S., DiFranza, J. R., Gorak, D., Reed, G., Magner, R., . . . Osganian, S. (2011). Effectiveness of a school nurse-delivered smoking-cessation intervention for adolescents. Pediatrics, 128(5), 926-936. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0520
Pourabbasi, A., Shirvani, M. E., & Khashayar, P. (2012). Sickness absenteeism rate in Iranian schools during the 2009 epidemic of type a influenza. J Sch Nurs, 28(1), 64-69. doi:10.1177/1059840511420262
Ramos, M. M., Schrader, R., Trujillo, R., Blea, M., & Greenberg, C. (2011). School nurse inspections improve handwashing supplies. J Sch Health, 81(6), 355-358. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00602.x
Rosen, B. L., DiClemente, R., Shepard, A. L., Wilson, K. L., & Fehr, S. K. (2017). Factors associated with school nurses' HPV vaccine attitudes for school-aged youth. Psychol Health Med, 22(5), 535-545. doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1173710
Schoessler, S. Z. (2004). Treating and managing head lice: the school nurse perspective. Am J Manag Care, 10(9 Suppl), S273-276.
Sheetz, A. H. (2010). The H1N1 pandemic: Did school nurses assume a leadership role? Some thoughts on leadership. NASN Sch Nurse, 25(3), 108-109. doi:10.1177/1942602 X10363733
Stefanowicz, A., & Stefanowicz, J. (2018). The Role of a School Nurse in the Care of a Child with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - The Perspectives of Patients and their Parents: Literature Review. Zdr Varst, 57(3), 166-174. doi:10.2478/sjph-2018-0021
Tucker, S., & Lanningham-Foster, L. M. (2015). Nurse-Led School-Based Child Obesity Prevention. J Sch Nurs, 31(6), 450-466. doi:10.1177/1059840515574002
Weng, T. C., Chan, T. C., Lin, H. T., Chang, C. K., Wang, W. W., Li, Z. R., . . . King, C. C. (2015). Early detection for cases of enterovirus- and influenza-like illness through a newly established school-based syndromic surveillance system in Taipei, January 2010 ~ August 2011. PLoS One, 10(4), e0122865. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122865
Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs, 52(5), 546-553. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
Wilson, E. L., Egger, J. R., Konty, K. J., Paladini, M., Weiss, D., & Nguyen, T. Q. (2014). Description of a school nurse visit syndromic surveillance system and comparison to emergency department visits, New York City. Am J Public Health, 104(1), e50-56. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301411